Relationship Between Crude Oil And Natural Gas Prices Essay

Connection Between Crude Oil And Natural Gas Prices - Essay Example Watching the example of unrefined petroleum and flammable gas costs for the most part bolsters the financial hypothesis and prompts the conviction that the two wares do share a relationship. In any case, in the course of recent years, a decoupling of flammable gas costs from raw petroleum costs has been watched (allude to chart 1.1 in supplement). This has driven worries over the quality of the connection among rough and petroleum gas costs. Monetary elements interface unrefined petroleum and flammable gas costs through flexibly and request. There has been a solid conviction in regards to the single direction connection between the costs of raw petroleum and flammable gas, whereby changes in unrefined figures impact gaseous petrol costs and any adjustments in petroleum gas costs have no effect on rough. This is because of the overall size of each market. Costs of unrefined are resolved on the world market though petroleum gas valuation happens in locally divided markets. Thus, any antagonistic occasion or condition is probably not going to influence the worldwide cost of oil (Villar, Joutz) This paper endeavors to connote the financial and measurable connection between unrefined petroleum and flammable gas costs. The period under audit is from 1985 to 2005. ... Review of Natural Gas Industry The structure of the petroleum gas industry has changed drastically throughout the most recent 15 years. Before, the structure of this industry was basic, with constrained adaptability and hardly any alternatives for gas conveyance. Investigation and creation organizations investigated and penetrated for petroleum gas, offering the item to transportation pipelines. These pipelines shipped the flammable gas, offering it to nearby dispersion utilities, who thusly offered the item to its clients. Evaluating at the investigation, creation and transportation level was governmentally controlled though state guideline observed the cost at which neighborhood conveyance organizations offered gaseous petrol to clients (naturalgas.org). Preceding deregulation, the structure of the petroleum gas industry was exceptionally clear, be that as it may, it experienced deficiencies during the 1970s and surpluses during the 1980s. Since deregulation, the business is considerably more open to rivalry and decision. Costs are not, at this point controlled and are dictated by the interest flexibly powers. One of the outstanding contrasts in the modified structure of the flammable gas industry is the presence of gaseous petrol advertisers. They serve to encourage the development of flammable gas from the makers to the end clients. Advertisers may either possess the petroleum gas being moved, or basically go about as facilitators for the transportation. Source : NGSA The chart above shows the pathway of petroleum gas from maker to end client in a managed domain. The graph underneath shows the pathway in a deregulated situation where advertisers exist and can sell straightforwardly to end clients. Source : NGSA Cost of gaseous petrol is just an element of interest and gracefully. At the point when interest for gas rises,

Government Healthcare Pros and Cons

Government Healthcare Pros and Cons Government social insurance alludes to government subsidizing of human services administrations by means of direct installments to specialists, medical clinics and different suppliers. In U.S. government medicinal services, specialists, emergency clinics and other clinical experts are not utilized by the administration. Rather, they give clinical and wellbeing administrations, as typical, and are repaid by the legislature, similarly as insurance agencies repay them for administrations. A case of a fruitful U.S. government medicinal services program is Medicare, set up in 1965 to give health care coverage to individuals matured 65 and over, or who meet other rules, for example, incapacity. The U.S. is the main industrialized nation on the planet, just or non-fair, without all inclusive medicinal services for all residents gave by government-financed inclusion. 50 Million Uninsured Americans in 2009 In mid-2009, Congress is attempting to change U.S. medicinal services protection inclusion which by and by leaves in excess of 50 million men, ladies and kids uninsured and without access to satisfactory clinical and wellbeing administrations. All human services inclusion, aside from some low-salary kids and those secured by Medicare, is currently given uniquely by insurance agencies and other private-segment organizations. Privately owned business back up plans, however, have demonstrated very incapable at controlling expenses, and effectively work to reject social insurance inclusion at whatever point attainable. Clarifies Ezra Klein at the Washington Post: The private protection showcase is a wreck. Its expected to cover the wiped out and rather contends to protect the well. It utilizes units of agents whose sole occupation is to escape paying for required social insurance benefits that individuals thought were secured. Truth be told, multi-million rewards are granted every year to top medicinal services officials as motivating force to deny inclusion to strategy holders. Thus, in the United States today: Over 33% of families living underneath the neediness line are uninsured. Hispanic Americans are more than twice as prone to be uninsured as white Americans while 21% of dark Americans have no wellbeing insurance.More than 9 million youngsters need medical coverage in America.Eighteen thousand individuals bite the dust every year since they are uninsured. Slate.com revealed in 2007: The present framework is progressively difficult to reach to numerous poor and lower-working class individuals... those fortunate enough to have inclusion are paying consistently more or potentially getting consistently less advantages. Most recent Developments In mid-2009, a few alliances of Congressional Democrats are heatedly creating contending medicinal services protection change enactment. Republicans have commonly not offered meaningful social insurance change enactment in 2009. President Obama has voiced help for widespread medicinal services inclusion for all Americans which would be given by choosing among different inclusion choices, including a possibility for government-supported human services (otherwise known as an open arrangement choice or open choice). Be that as it may, the President has stayed securely on the political sidelines, up to this point, constraining Congressional conflicts, disarray, and misfortunes in conveying on his battle guarantee to make accessible another national wellbeing plan to all Americans. Human services Packages Under Consideration Most Democrats in Congress bolster widespread human services inclusion for all Americans which offers different alternatives for protection suppliers, and incorporates a minimal effort, government-supported social insurance choice. Under the multi-choice situation, Americans happy with their current protection can pick to keep their inclusion. Americans disappointed, or without inclusion, can decide on government-subsidized inclusion. Republicans whine that the free-advertise rivalry offered by a lower-cost open area plan would cause private-part insurance agencies to cut their administrations, lose clients, would repress productivity, or go completely bankrupt. Numerous dynamic nonconformists and different Democrats accept unequivocally that the not out of the question, just U.S. human services conveyance framework would be a solitary payer framework, for example, Medicare, in which just ease government-financed social insurance inclusion is given to all Americans on an equivalent premise. Americans Favor Public Plan Option Per the Huffington Post about a June 2009 NBC/Wall Street Journal survey: ... 76 percent of respondents said it was either incredibly or very critical to give individuals a decision of both an open arrangement directed by the national government and a private arrangement for their medical coverage. Moreover, a New York Times/CBS News survey found that The national phone study, which was directed from June 12 to 16, found that 72 percent of those addressed upheld a legislature regulated protection plan - something like Medicare for those under 65 - that would vie for clients with private safety net providers. 20% said they were contradicted. Foundation Democrat Harry Truman was the first U.S. President to encourage Congress to administer government medicinal services inclusion for all Americans. Per Healthcare Reform in America by Michael Kronenfield, President Franklin Roosevelt planned for Social Security to likewise consolidate human services inclusion for seniors, yet stayed away inspired by a paranoid fear of distancing the American Medical Association. In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson marked into law the Medicare program, which is a solitary payer, government human services plan. In the wake of marking the bill, President Johnson gave the main Medicare card to previous President Harry Truman. In 1993, President Bill Clinton designated his better half, knowledgeable lawyer, Hillary Clinton, to head a commission accused of manufacturing a huge change of U.S. human services. After major political slips up by the Clintons and a successful, dread mongering effort by Republicans, the Clinton medicinal services change bundle was dead by Fall 1994. The Clinton organization never attempted again to update medicinal services, and Republican President George Bush was ideologically restricted to all types of government-financed social administrations. Medicinal services change was a top battle issue among 2008 Democratic presidential applicants. Presidential applicant Barack Obama guaranteed that he will make accessible another national wellbeing plan to all Americans, including the independently employed and private companies, to purchase moderate wellbeing inclusion that is like the arrangement accessible to individuals from Congress. See the sum at Obama Campaign Promises: Health Care.  Experts of Government Healthcare Notable American purchaser advocate Ralph Nader summarizes the positives of government-subsidized healthcareâ from the patients point of view: Free decision of specialist and hospital;No charges, no co-pays, no deductibles;No prohibitions forâ pre-existing conditions; you are guaranteed from the day you are born;No insolvencies due toâ medical bills;No passings because of absence of wellbeing insurance;Cheaper. More straightforward. More affordable;Everybody in. No one out;Save citizens billions per year in enlarged corporate regulatory and official pay costs. Other significant positives of government-supported human services include: 47 millions Americans lackedâ healthcare insuranceâ coverage as of the 2008 presidential battle season. Taking off joblessness from that point forward have caused the positions of the uninsured to expand past 50 million in mid-2009.Mercifully, government-supported medicinal services would give get to toâ medical servicesâ for all uninsured. What's more, lower expenses of government medicinal services will make protection inclusion be fundamentally increasingly available to a large number of people and businesses.Doctors and other clinical experts can focusâ on understanding consideration, and no longer need to burn through several squandered hours yearly managing protection companies.Patients, as well, under government social insurance could never need to misuse unreasonable measures of disappointing time wheeling and dealing with insurance agencies. Cons of Government Healthcare Preservationists and libertarians restrict U.S. government medicinal services primarily in light of the fact that they dont accept that its an appropriate job of government to offer social types of assistance to private residents. Rather, traditionalists accept thatâ healthcare coverageâ should keep on being given exclusively by private-division to benefit protection partnerships or conceivably by non-benefit substances. In 2009, a bunch of Congressional Republicans have recommended that maybe the uninsured could get constrained clinical administrations by means of aâ voucher framework and duty credits for low-pay families. Traditionalists likewise battle that lower-cost government medicinal services would force too extraordinary of aâ competitive advantageâ against revenue driven guarantors. The Wall Street Journal contends: As a general rule, equivalent rivalry between an open arrangement and private plans would be outlandish. The open arrangement would relentlessly swarm out private plans, prompting a solitary payer framework. From the patients point of view, negatives of government-supported medicinal services could include: A lessening in adaptability for patients to uninhibitedly browse among the immense cornucopia of drugs,â treatment alternatives, and surgeries offered today by more costly specialists and hospitals.Existing persistent secrecy norms, which would almost certainly be weakened by unified government data that would fundamentally be maintained.Less potential specialists may pick to enter the clinical calling because of diminished open doors for profoundly repaid positions. Less specialists combined with soaring interest for specialists could prompt a deficiency of clinical experts, and to longer hanging tight periods for arrangements. Where It Stands Starting late June 2009, the battle to shape medicinal services change has just started. The last type of effective human services change legislati

MapR

MapR INTRODUCTIONMartin: Hey, have you heard of big data, Hadoop and all those kind of stuff? Maybe then you have heard about the terminology of MapReduce as well. Today we are in San Jose at MapR. Hi John. Who are you and what do you do?John: Well, I’m John Schroeder. I’m the CEO and co-founder of MapR. I started the company a little over six years ago and named the company MapR, named after kind of the seminal algorithm for big data. So Google fellows wrote a paper on MapReduce in 2004, that really started the whole inspiration behind Hadoop so we named the company MapR. We’ve been off to the races and it’s a wonderful, wonderful opportunity. We are having a lot of fun running the company.Martin: Awesome. What did you do before you became an entrepreneur?John: Wow. I’ve been in startups for quite a long time. I was a general manager at a public company back in the nineties. I spent over twenty-five years in database, storage, big data, business intelligence. So this is really my fourth start-up. First one I founded but my four start-ups.So I was at Brio Technologies in the nineties. And Brio got out in public and listed on NASDAC in 1998. So there was an exciting ride back in the nineties. Then I was CEO of a company called Rainfinity which had a file virtualization switch that was acquired by EMC; became a very successful product line for them. Prior to starting MapR I was CEO of a company called Calista Technologies. And there we actually wrote software that ran on a GPU that would virtualize the GPU and render and remote 3D graphics and multimedia. That was acquired by Microsoft and became the Microsoft RemoteFX, remote display protocol. So it’s been database, storage, enterprise software.What was obvious for me in 2008 were that macro trends on big data. Companies just needed new ways to connect with their customers and ways it would provide value to the customers. Health care providers need a more accurate way to prescribe treatments for their pat ients. Wide range of governance across financial services and telecom, forcing them into Big Data solutions for storing email archives and call data record archives and telecom providers and carriers. So those macro trends were obvious and then you could see this new wave technology around things Hadoop. So that excited me to stay in that enterprise software space and go give value to those customers with a big data solution that would really serve these macro trends.Martin: And how did you then start with MapR? I mean especially did you talk to some potential clients before or did you talk to investors or maybe just friends, validating your idea?John: Yes. All through 2008, I built a really good rolodex of CIO CTO’s across industries, across geographic territories. And I really just start out with open-ended questioning. Like, what are your big challenges for the next five to ten years? Why are they challenges? What happens if you are able to accomplish these challenges? What hap pens if you don’t? And through that that really formed a lot of the basis for the big data was important. This was in the top two or three priorities for almost every individual I talked to across the industry.Then I got more into, well what sort of technologies are you trying to use? And what do you like about it and what don’t you like about it, and how ideally would you like them to work? The macro trend for big data was obvious. Which technologies, you can imagine 2008 it wasn’t just Hadoop, it was Hadoop and Cassandra, MongoDB, and CouchDB and Volt DB. I mean there were just so many emerging technologies that the signal-to-noise ratios there wasn’t quite as strong but you could see a little more market share for Hadoop.But more importantly, my co-founder M.C. Srivas was working at Google at the time. He and I can look at and see how can we grow Hadoop to really cover all the big data needs? So all these technologies started out in kind of a niche and Hadoop’s niche wa s batch predictive analytics and scale. Well that’s a part of what the customers need but they also need interactive, they need primary storage, they need real-time, they need messaging. So one of the reasons we chose Hadoop was being able to see that we could grow the technology; really handle one hundred percent of the customer’s use case.So then based on that, well in the valley for a long time you know you’ve got Sand Hill Road and you find your friends on the Sand Hill Road and we put together a good business plan. In my case I likes to have a consortium of two really tier one investors at my A-round. So in this case we chose Lightspeed Venture Partners and NEA and they split their round. And then if you’ve got two investors with deep pockets at the table. If you’ve got good investors they’ve got great networks to talent, they’ve got great networks to customers. So I met my senior vice president of product management through NEA and I actual met my co-founder thro ugh Lightspeed. So we put two tier one’s in that A-round and that was very important and that sets up for future funding because when you get around to your B-round, well to get another tier one investor, you need to have tier one’s in you’re A-round. In most cases.Martin: So this means first you validated your idea with some of your connections, so to speak. Then you used your connections on Sand Hill Road for raising some money. What was the next step? Did you fully build your kind of platform and acquired tons customers already? Or did you only ship the MVP and try to validate whether there is some kind of customer demand there?John: It took us about a year and a half to get into beta, so we had this pleasant year and a half experience. If you can imagine, during the company you set your own milestones and then you’re the one who judges whether you made the milestones or not. So it’s kind of the least pressure stage of the company compared to now where we’ve got a qua rterly number that me got to match to every quarter.What we did is we kept in contact with those forty some odd customers we had done the primary research with and then we grew from there. We kept adding more customers to continually validate the concept and then put prototypes in front of them and get their feedback. So once we got to our beta period I think we had thirty-seven companies in beta and we exited our beta program with just under a million dollars in sales. So by staying really in contact with those customers we’re building the product they needed so it’s no surprise that they brought once the product was ready to run.BUSINESS MODEL OF MAPRMartin: Let’s talk about the business model of MapR. So John, what are your target customers?John: We’re a platform sales. So it’s not a Jeffrey Moore crossing the chasm find a little niche. We sell to just about everybody in the top financial services market. Telecoms are our number two market segment. We do about twenty-fi ve percent of our business to web 2.0. So companies like comScore, Rubicon Project, Millennial Media, companies like that. So it’s very horizontal, we’ve got customers who bought over a million dollars worth of software in eight different vertical markets. We’re about seventy percent domestic and about thirty percent rest of world. The uptake for the product’s been really strong in Japan, Korea as well as other countries you’d expect in EMEA as well.Martin: How is your product or product offering comparing to competitors offering?John: It’s kind of a continuation of your question on business model, which is, like everyone in Hadoop space or in a big data space the way to build ubiquity through a platform is through open source. I mean you get tremendous innovation and you have comfort from the customers that they’re using something that’s industry standard. There is basically a reference implementation available and in our case and provided by Apache software. So tha t builds ubiquity, that builds the polls in the market, that gets customers very comfortable. Then what we did is we looked at Hadoop and its very early in its life technology lifestyle. So it’s open for massive innovations. You know, how did you take this badge predictive database and really make it really interactive in real-time and then even support real-time messaging. So that’s where we built our differentiating technology as a platform that can run that open source.And so that’s the concept of how we ship our product and that drives a different business model. So rather than just selling services and support around free software we’ve got value in our software. And we saw the value that software customers in the form of software subscriptions. So we end up being unlike most of the others in the space. Very high gross margin, we are less capital intensive which for an entrepreneur, every dollar you raise is also taking some stock out of your pocket. So you have to full y capitalize your company and make sure you can spend at the rates to be successful and build the company that you want.On the other hand, you don’t have to create a business model that’s too capital hungry. And that’s very, very negatively impactful for a lot of companies who tried to build open source companies because they’re so capital intensive that they end up raising hundreds of millions of dollars and then having a hard time making those investors happy and then also maintaining the equity values for the employers of the company as well.Martin: Big data is a buzz word nowadays. And lots of people know that, for example, you take some data sources, plug it into or push is into the HDFS, and then you have some kind of batch analytics processing. You also said that you have this kind of real-time analytics solutions. How does that work?John: If you really look at end to end use case that the customers want it never going to end at batch. So I’ll give you an example of Rubicon project, runs on of the largest ad exchanges today. So if you look at what they’re doing is they’re placing online advertisement as people are browsing the web. So there is a primary storage component of that, they have to store all the auctions, all the bids, all the asks, and the outcomes, right? And then there’s a new analytics piece in it which is they need to analyze those auctions and come up with yield estimates for certain types of page views and certain types of publishers. But then in real-time they have to mediate between thousands of brands and publishers, right? And so it’s a real-time activity. Well they can do all that in MapR. And if they tried to use an alternate to MapR they’d have deploy multiple technologies, multiple silos of data and deal with the complexity of data governance across platforms. So of course they prefer to do that in MapR or we could do a hundred percent of the use case on one platform.Martin: When you think about your custome r relationships and especially the question relates to, how do you manage them and nourish the customer relationships you are currently having?John: You have to make that the number one priority for your company. I mean, your customers are not your customers, they’re your partners. I mean you have to do anything possible to make sure they’re successfully with the use cases they’re deploying on your technology. So that’s key and if you do it properly you’ll have different conversations with them. Sometimes, they’ll be coming to you and saying, “Hey you know, we really love your products but we really need this additional feature set and.” And you’ll learn a lot from them. And other times when you’ve got brilliant engineers and a brilliant CTO, they’ll be bringing ideas to the customers and saying, “Hey, what if you had this? How would you implement this as part of your next use case?” And you’ll be enlightening them as well.So that partnership is very, ver y important. We’ve had a wonderful customer advisory board. I mean another successful program we’ve had here is to take our top twenty/top twenty-five customers out of their offices, get them in a good environment, share with them what our roadmap is and then just listen to them as far as what are your use cases? What are your challenges? What do you want us to do more of? Those are just fantastic events as far as really helping us shape our roadmap.Martin: How often do you do these events with these twenty-five customers?John: The formal events are once a year. We’re connected to the customers constantly but once a year we try to pull together really representatives cross industry and across geo and get them together in a room, and it’s a wonderful experience.And I would say three years ago they took something like priority number twenty on our list and said, “No, you don’t understand. That has to be in the top five.” And so we moved it up and it was a great advice. L ast year M.C. Srivas my CTO and co-founder, he gave them a talk on how to do scalable messaging on MapR. And that’s where you can see them learning and challenging him, “Well why wouldn’t you do it this way? Why wouldn’t you do it that way? And he’d say, “Well, have you thought through the aspects of high availability or performance for things like that?” So it’s a great two-way conversation and it’s, you know, if you can pull together a good set of customers likes that they’ll really push you in the right direction.Martin: John, this is your fourth start-up and the first one that you started yourself: over those four start-ups, what have been the major obstacles that you’ve seen and how did you overcome them or manage them?John: I mean I’ve been very fortunate. I have had one public company and two successful acquisitions and then MapR’s been a really fun ride. And to be honest with you MapR’s straightest line from A to B of all of them. The other ones a ll needed some sort of strategic change. So with MapR we have been able to set a course and stay very, very close to that course over time.The challenges, I think you have to be resilient if you think about the different attributes especially in Silicon Valley or in tech that people value. They value of the brightest of the bright. And then work ethic, the work ethic in tech is epic. People just work all their waking hours and they love it like. It’s not their grueling you know, unhappy working at ten o’clock at night, they’re enjoying it. They enjoy the challenge and they enjoy the technology. So you could say the brightest of the bright, the hardest working, teamwork’s a given, things like that. But to be honest with you, resilience is probably the most important attribute because you know, you think about six years ago Srivas and I were talking and saying, “Well, in a couple years we’re going to have our software deployed running critical risk and fraud algorithms at the largest credit card company in the world. How easy it that going be?” Right? So you can image the technology challenges and things like that.So you have to be resilient and as long as you go after a great a market and you team with really, really talented people, you’ll be able to go through those ups and downs. And overall hopefully the trend is up.ADVICE TO ENTREPRENEURS FROM JOHN SCHROEDER In San Jose (CA), we meet CEO and Co-Founder of MapR, John Schroeder. John talks about his story how he came up with the idea and founded MapR, how the current business model works, as well as he provides some advice for young entrepreneurs.INTRODUCTIONMartin: Hey, have you heard of big data, Hadoop and all those kind of stuff? Maybe then you have heard about the terminology of MapReduce as well. Today we are in San Jose at MapR. Hi John. Who are you and what do you do?John: Well, I’m John Schroeder. I’m the CEO and co-founder of MapR. I started the company a little over six years ago and named the company MapR, named after kind of the seminal algorithm for big data. So Google fellows wrote a paper on MapReduce in 2004, that really started the whole inspiration behind Hadoop so we named the company MapR. We’ve been off to the races and it’s a wonderful, wonderful opportunity. We are having a lot of fun running the company.Martin: Awesome. What did you do before you became an entrepreneur?John: Wow. I’ve been in startups for quite a long time. I was a general manager at a public company back in the nineties. I spent over twenty-five years in database, storage, big data, business intelligence. So this is really my fourth start-up. First one I founded but my four start-ups.So I was at Brio Technologies in the nineties. And Brio got out in public and listed on NASDAC in 1998. So there was an exciting ride back in the nineties. Then I was CEO of a company called Rainfinity which had a file virtualization switch that was acquired by EMC; became a very successful product line for them. Prior to starting MapR I was CEO of a company called Calista Technologies. And there we actually wrote software that ran on a GPU that would virtualize the GPU and render and remote 3D graphics and multimedia. That was acquired by Microsoft and became the Microsoft RemoteFX, remote display protocol. So it’s been database, storage, enterprise software.What was obvious for me in 2008 were that macro trends on big data. Companies just needed new ways to connect with their customers and ways it would provide value to the customers. Health care providers need a more accurate way to prescribe treatments for their patients. Wide range of governance across financial services and telecom, forcing them into Big Data solutions for storing email archives and call data record archives and telecom providers and carriers. So those macro trends were obvious and then you could see this new wave technology around things Hadoop. So that excited me to stay in that enterprise software space and go give value to those customers with a big data solution that would really serve these macro trends.Martin: And how did you then start with MapR? I mean especially did you talk to some potential clients before or did you talk to investors or maybe just friends, validating your idea?John: Yes. All through 2008, I built a really good rolodex of CIO CTO’s across industries, across g eographic territories. And I really just start out with open-ended questioning. Like, what are your big challenges for the next five to ten years? Why are they challenges? What happens if you are able to accomplish these challenges? What happens if you don’t? And through that that really formed a lot of the basis for the big data was important. This was in the top two or three priorities for almost every individual I talked to across the industry.Then I got more into, well what sort of technologies are you trying to use? And what do you like about it and what don’t you like about it, and how ideally would you like them to work? The macro trend for big data was obvious. Which technologies, you can imagine 2008 it wasn’t just Hadoop, it was Hadoop and Cassandra, MongoDB, and CouchDB and Volt DB. I mean there were just so many emerging technologies that the signal-to-noise ratios there wasn’t quite as strong but you could see a little more market share for Hadoop.But more impor tantly, my co-founder M.C. Srivas was working at Google at the time. He and I can look at and see how can we grow Hadoop to really cover all the big data needs? So all these technologies started out in kind of a niche and Hadoop’s niche was batch predictive analytics and scale. Well that’s a part of what the customers need but they also need interactive, they need primary storage, they need real-time, they need messaging. So one of the reasons we chose Hadoop was being able to see that we could grow the technology; really handle one hundred percent of the customer’s use case.So then based on that, well in the valley for a long time you know you’ve got Sand Hill Road and you find your friends on the Sand Hill Road and we put together a good business plan. In my case I likes to have a consortium of two really tier one investors at my A-round. So in this case we chose Lightspeed Venture Partners and NEA and they split their round. And then if you’ve got two investors with dee p pockets at the table. If you’ve got good investors they’ve got great networks to talent, they’ve got great networks to customers. So I met my senior vice president of product management through NEA and I actual met my co-founder through Lightspeed. So we put two tier one’s in that A-round and that was very important and that sets up for future funding because when you get around to your B-round, well to get another tier one investor, you need to have tier one’s in you’re A-round. In most cases.Martin: So this means first you validated your idea with some of your connections, so to speak. Then you used your connections on Sand Hill Road for raising some money. What was the next step? Did you fully build your kind of platform and acquired tons customers already? Or did you only ship the MVP and try to validate whether there is some kind of customer demand there?John: It took us about a year and a half to get into beta, so we had this pleasant year and a half experience. If you can imagine, during the company you set your own milestones and then you’re the one who judges whether you made the milestones or not. So it’s kind of the least pressure stage of the company compared to now where we’ve got a quarterly number that me got to match to every quarter.What we did is we kept in contact with those forty some odd customers we had done the primary research with and then we grew from there. We kept adding more customers to continually validate the concept and then put prototypes in front of them and get their feedback. So once we got to our beta period I think we had thirty-seven companies in beta and we exited our beta program with just under a million dollars in sales. So by staying really in contact with those customers we’re building the product they needed so it’s no surprise that they brought once the product was ready to run.BUSINESS MODEL OF MAPRMartin: Let’s talk about the business model of MapR. So John, what are your target custom ers?John: We’re a platform sales. So it’s not a Jeffrey Moore crossing the chasm find a little niche. We sell to just about everybody in the top financial services market. Telecoms are our number two market segment. We do about twenty-five percent of our business to web 2.0. So companies like comScore, Rubicon Project, Millennial Media, companies like that. So it’s very horizontal, we’ve got customers who bought over a million dollars worth of software in eight different vertical markets. We’re about seventy percent domestic and about thirty percent rest of world. The uptake for the product’s been really strong in Japan, Korea as well as other countries you’d expect in EMEA as well.Martin: How is your product or product offering comparing to competitors offering?John: It’s kind of a continuation of your question on business model, which is, like everyone in Hadoop space or in a big data space the way to build ubiquity through a platform is through open source. I mean you get tremendous innovation and you have comfort from the customers that they’re using something that’s industry standard. There is basically a reference implementation available and in our case and provided by Apache software. So that builds ubiquity, that builds the polls in the market, that gets customers very comfortable. Then what we did is we looked at Hadoop and its very early in its life technology lifestyle. So it’s open for massive innovations. You know, how did you take this badge predictive database and really make it really interactive in real-time and then even support real-time messaging. So that’s where we built our differentiating technology as a platform that can run that open source.And so that’s the concept of how we ship our product and that drives a different business model. So rather than just selling services and support around free software we’ve got value in our software. And we saw the value that software customers in the form of software su bscriptions. So we end up being unlike most of the others in the space. Very high gross margin, we are less capital intensive which for an entrepreneur, every dollar you raise is also taking some stock out of your pocket. So you have to fully capitalize your company and make sure you can spend at the rates to be successful and build the company that you want.On the other hand, you don’t have to create a business model that’s too capital hungry. And that’s very, very negatively impactful for a lot of companies who tried to build open source companies because they’re so capital intensive that they end up raising hundreds of millions of dollars and then having a hard time making those investors happy and then also maintaining the equity values for the employers of the company as well.Martin: Big data is a buzz word nowadays. And lots of people know that, for example, you take some data sources, plug it into or push is into the HDFS, and then you have some kind of batch analytic s processing. You also said that you have this kind of real-time analytics solutions. How does that work?John: If you really look at end to end use case that the customers want it never going to end at batch. So I’ll give you an example of Rubicon project, runs on of the largest ad exchanges today. So if you look at what they’re doing is they’re placing online advertisement as people are browsing the web. So there is a primary storage component of that, they have to store all the auctions, all the bids, all the asks, and the outcomes, right? And then there’s a new analytics piece in it which is they need to analyze those auctions and come up with yield estimates for certain types of page views and certain types of publishers. But then in real-time they have to mediate between thousands of brands and publishers, right? And so it’s a real-time activity. Well they can do all that in MapR. And if they tried to use an alternate to MapR they’d have deploy multiple technologies , multiple silos of data and deal with the complexity of data governance across platforms. So of course they prefer to do that in MapR or we could do a hundred percent of the use case on one platform.Martin: When you think about your customer relationships and especially the question relates to, how do you manage them and nourish the customer relationships you are currently having?John: You have to make that the number one priority for your company. I mean, your customers are not your customers, they’re your partners. I mean you have to do anything possible to make sure they’re successfully with the use cases they’re deploying on your technology. So that’s key and if you do it properly you’ll have different conversations with them. Sometimes, they’ll be coming to you and saying, “Hey you know, we really love your products but we really need this additional feature set and.” And you’ll learn a lot from them. And other times when you’ve got brilliant engineers and a brilliant CTO, they’ll be bringing ideas to the customers and saying, “Hey, what if you had this? How would you implement this as part of your next use case?” And you’ll be enlightening them as well.So that partnership is very, very important. We’ve had a wonderful customer advisory board. I mean another successful program we’ve had here is to take our top twenty/top twenty-five customers out of their offices, get them in a good environment, share with them what our roadmap is and then just listen to them as far as what are your use cases? What are your challenges? What do you want us to do more of? Those are just fantastic events as far as really helping us shape our roadmap.Martin: How often do you do these events with these twenty-five customers?John: The formal events are once a year. We’re connected to the customers constantly but once a year we try to pull together really representatives cross industry and across geo and get them together in a room, and it’s a wonderful experience.And I would say three years ago they took something like priority number twenty on our list and said, “No, you don’t understand. That has to be in the top five.” And so we moved it up and it was a great advice. Last year M.C. Srivas my CTO and co-founder, he gave them a talk on how to do scalable messaging on MapR. And that’s where you can see them learning and challenging him, “Well why wouldn’t you do it this way? Why wouldn’t you do it that way? And he’d say, “Well, have you thought through the aspects of high availability or performance for things like that?” So it’s a great two-way conversation and it’s, you know, if you can pull together a good set of customers likes that they’ll really push you in the right direction.Martin: John, this is your fourth start-up and the first one that you started yourself: over those four start-ups, what have been the major obstacles that you’ve seen and how did you overcome them or manage them? John: I mean I’ve been very fortunate. I have had one public company and two successful acquisitions and then MapR’s been a really fun ride. And to be honest with you MapR’s straightest line from A to B of all of them. The other ones all needed some sort of strategic change. So with MapR we have been able to set a course and stay very, very close to that course over time.The challenges, I think you have to be resilient if you think about the different attributes especially in Silicon Valley or in tech that people value. They value of the brightest of the bright. And then work ethic, the work ethic in tech is epic. People just work all their waking hours and they love it like. It’s not their grueling you know, unhappy working at ten o’clock at night, they’re enjoying it. They enjoy the challenge and they enjoy the technology. So you could say the brightest of the bright, the hardest working, teamwork’s a given, things like that. But to be honest with you, resilience is probably the most important attribute because you know, you think about six years ago Srivas and I were talking and saying, “Well, in a couple years we’re going to have our software deployed running critical risk and fraud algorithms at the largest credit card company in the world. How easy it that going be?” Right? So you can image the technology challenges and things like that.So you have to be resilient and as long as you go after a great a market and you team with really, really talented people, you’ll be able to go through those ups and downs. And overall hopefully the trend is up.ADVICE TO ENTREPRENEURS FROM JOHN SCHROEDERMartin: John, imagine your child is coming to you and says, “Daddy, I would like to start a company and this is my idea.” What general advice would you provide to her?John: Well for children or friends or other potential entrepreneurs, I think the first one is to look at the market opportunity. What’s the macro trend that’s going to drive your company going forward? So many of us, like I’m a computer science grad and a software engineer at heart. So we get so excited about technologies and I don’t know about you but like, even when I was a kid, I didn’t know how everything worked. I took things apart whether they were engines or electrical devices or whatever. And you get really, really interested in technology but you really have to step away from that and look at what’s the trend that’s going drive this? How are you going to find a very large addressable market?Because, there is kind of three levels of risk and a technology start up.The highest order risk is the big market risks. I mean, if we all wake up tomorrow and big data is no longer important, I’m in trouble. It’s like how do you reposition this company and technology you built.The second level if your technology company is your technology. Does the product work as advertised? And you might be able to fix a problem there. You can say, “Hey, the p roducts needs some work. Let’s raise a little more money and give engineering another year.” So that’s a little bit fixable.And then there’s really kind of an executions risk. Which is you’ve got a great market, you got a great product, then you know you got it to bring market properly, you have to service your company properly. And that’s the easiest to fix, right? I mean you could afford a few mistakes there and you could resolve things pretty well.So if you look at those three elements of risks, before you start the company make sure the market’s there. Make sure there’s a huge addressable market you can go after and then you really set yourself up for a great ride. And you should be able to build a great product and you should be able to build a team around it that can execute well as well.Martin: One question regarding your assessment of the future. So imagine we have 2030 or 2040. What is your perspective on how companies will use data and build their database and data pipelines?John: The next big wave is internet of things. So we’ve gone through this whole wave of just ubiquity of computer connectivity and storage and it’s open up a huge new opportunity that we’re addressing today. But now you’re starting to see machines talking to machines and it’s going to a be a whole other wave of big data.So you’re going to see it move from being a central repository if you look at when people talk about MapR and Hadoop they’ll say, “Well, I’ve got x amount of data in MapR”. When you get to Internet of Things you’re going to have to distribute that workload again. So if you look at some of the technology we’re building now it’s to have a small form factor that let’s say on a smartphone, a little bit larger form factor on an edge device and then still have the cloud deployment that could be very scalable but you’ll see it move from a centralized model to a more decentralized model.Martin: The very old model was one centr al database. So now we have in 2.0 which is the big data, Hadoop where you say, “Okay. At least we have some distributed files and distributed calculations and so on and now the thought wave would be: Every device, whatever it is we’ll do some calculations for itself.John: Exactly. And it’s really not new. What we do as an industry is we distribute workloads and then we consolidate workloads and we distribute workloads. So IOT by definition, if you have; whether their devices, servers, automobiles, smart phones, you’ve got a broad number of technologies out there that need to be able to communicate, make decisions locally and then just forward on what’s required to the next layer of the stack. So I think you’re going to see the last few years has been how do you scale a large cluster for running something like Hadoop or you’re going to see more decentralized processing with local decisions being made at the end point, at the edge, and then back enough more a central cl oud.Martin: John, what is the challenge or what keeps you up at night and saying, “Well I need to fix this?” Or what is the one thing you are thinking of?”John: Probably the toughest thing of being an entrepreneur you can think of the initiatives faster than anybody can do them. I mean, I can look back on different documents that we wrote back in 2008 and we still haven’t implemented some of that. In the meantime we’ve come up with a thousand more ideas. So there’s just an endless amount of value you could bring to the market and how you can do that in a way that you can bring to market, package it so the market can even understand it. I mean the rate of innovations if very higher. So while all engineering organizations worldwide can’t get done everything they want to, it’s also the market that had to be able to absorb it fast enough as well. So I think that’s the challenge, you got the reins on the team of horses and you think, “Wow, I can make them go faster,† you have to go at a speed that the market can really absorb the technology.Martin: Great. Thank you so much for your time and for sharing your knowledge.John: Right. Thanks for having me on the video today.Martin: Great, John. So next time you are thinking about data and big data, check out MapR. Great. Thanks.John: Thank you.Martin: Thank you so much.

Summary Of Birds, Shadows, And Dialogues - 1571 Words

Ji Hyun Park Film 106A Fall 2014 Jessica Fowler November 26th 2014 Birds, Shadows, and Dialogues: Mise-en-scene and Sound in Psycho Alfred Hitchcock, the director of the film Psycho (1960), is known as the master of suspense. He is famous for emphasizing visual elements in his films to construct the atmosphere of tension. In addition, he utilized various editing techniques in order to portray and convey specific purpose of each scene. Using techniques such as continuity editing and varying shot sizes, Hitchcock successfully led the audience into fear by guiding them in what to concentrate and when they should scream. Not only that, he also optimized the props and sounds in order to hint the audience about implied details throughout the film. In the film Psycho, Hitchcock combined the dialogues and mise-en-scene of birds and shadows to illustrate character developments of Marion and Norman, and ultimately create great tension. 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A College Student And The Son Of A Mechanical Engineer

Being a freshman college student and the son of a mechanical engineer, I get to see, in depth, what the life of an engineer consists of. I’ve seen how my dad travels all over Europe every month for business meetings, where he checks in and out of the most luxurious hotels and drives around BMW and Mercedes-Benz rental cars, then spends any free time sightseeing in Paris, Rome, Greece, and many other places all over Europe—all paid for by his company. When he returns home after a week or two in Europe, he goes back to his regular routine, where he gets his work done on his own watch and gets a 6-figure salary. I often talk to my dad about the engineering field and how different types of engineering jobs are related. I gathered that basically all engineers travel a lot and have all work expenses covered by his/her company. Also, many engineers get to see everything their company produces before it is released to the public. 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Children’s Language Development Free Essays

string(64) " occurs when existing schemas are modified for a ew experience\." Children’s language development and second language acquisition Sandra Morales Texas Woman’s University Children’s language development and second language acquisition The paper investigates how children develop their cognitive and language skills in a context that is influenced by social and biological factors. The literature review discusses the Cognitive and Social Constructivism theories and their influence on the education field. In addition the author presents how children develop their language at different stages and how those stages influence the growth and development of a second language. We will write a custom essay sample on Children’s Language Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now Language acquisition is one of the most important topics in cognitive development. In the study of language development it is necessary to consider all the factors that affect cognitive development and their influence on child development. Many theorists investigate how children acquire language skills and how heredity, environment, culture, and biological factors influence language development (Meadows, 2006). Rationale It has been said that language is a characteristic that establishes a difference between animals and humans. It is the ability to communicate with others, transmit and receive information gathered through symbols, gestures, facial expressions or other ways to express thoughts that others can understand what has been said (Jones, 1972). What is language? According to Bochner (1997) language is a form of communication. It involves a system of signs and symbols that are used by a group of people to communicate. The symbols include but are not limited to written symbols and sounds. The language may be diverse in different cultures in terms of how the symbols system is used, the formal properties of the language, and the way people use that language to communicate with others in the same culture. Every culture has its own language system. As a matter of fact all languages have four main components (Bochner, 1997): Pragmatics (use) – learn to use the sounds, gestures, words, and body language. Meaning (semantics) –understand the messages, represented in words, or written. Rules (syntax and morphology) – use the grammatical system of the language, combine words to convey a meaning. Sounds – Are the words intelligible enough that others can understand them. Throughout this paper the author will discuss various theoretical perspectives associated with the language development of children at different stages of their development. Some scholars such as Piaget, Vygotsky, Bruner and Chomsky have revealed common ideas between the language acquisition and the cognitive development that are being discussed in this paper. The purpose of this paper is to present the process of how children develop their language through the lenses of those four theorists and their contributions in the early childhood field. In addition the reader will find information regarding how children learn and develop a second language and the implication during the development. The primary consideration about language development is immersed in a controversy concerning the roots of language acquisition, and how people communicate their thinking processes, feelings and ideas. According to Meadows (2006) language development involves different processes that include but are not limited to physical, emotional and cognitive development. Having an understanding of the differences between individuals, their experiences and their contact with other adults and significant ones, will help to understand how the language is developed. All this provides the opportunities for growth and development in different areas that complement the life of the person. In relation to the development the contact and relation with others start influencing the baby in his mother’s womb. During the gestational time the fetus can hear the voice of their mother, and other sounds (music, etc), and after their birth they can recognize the voice of others. In other words the learning process starts at early stages in child development. Literature Review Piaget Cognitive Constructivism Piaget’s main focus of constructivism has to do with the person and how they construct their knowledge. Piaget believed individuals must adapt to their environment, and develops as parts of the adaptation process to the environment. According to Piaget, the individual needs to understand the information that they are receiving in order to be able to use it; they must construct their own knowledge (Powell, 2009). For Piaget, language development is internal mental processes controlled by developmental processes and is done individually, without the interventions of others (Agbenyega, 2009). As a result of mastering one stage, children will be ready to move, learn, and develop according to the expectations of the next stage. In regards to language development Piaget sees language as part of the cognitive development. How children think determines when and what the child can speak. In addition Piaget, states that children’s talking abilities emerge naturally without any formal teaching by adults, however more sophisticated vocabulary require formal education and experiences with the language. During early stages of the development according to Piaget, words are related to schemas of actions related to the child and those schemas will later be incorporated into exiting schemas that will support future learning experiences. Through the process of assimilation and accommodation, children go searching for what Piaget called balance or equilibration. Assimilation according to Piaget, is when the individual adds new information into their schemas. Accommodation is when individuals change their schemas to understand new information into their knowledge. Piaget states that children learn to construct meaning about the new information and through assimilating and accommodating that information into their schemas. During the equilibration the individual looks for information received that makes sense with previous information. When the children find that balance, they move again to a more comfortable stage where the information received makes sense. According to Piaget, children pass through different stages in their development; going through these stages provides children with a constant acquisition of information that will increase and help to build new knowledge and understanding of previous information learned. The basic principle of assimilation refers to the ability of children to use what they already know to understand the world around them. In contrast accommodation refers to the process of changing mental structures to provide consistency with external reality. It occurs when existing schemas are modified for a ew experience. You read "Children’s Language Development" in category "Essay examples" Both principles help children to develop and construct their thinking patterns and use it according with their needs (Agbenyega, 2009). He believed that the mind does not respond to stimulus and consequences, but grows and change over different periods of time. In other words the intelligence appears progressively thro ugh the repetitions of activities that vary in each stage of the development. Piaget’s four stages of development: Sensorimotor from 0 to two during this stage children discover the environment around them, using their senses and then acquiring the language. Preoperational from two to seven years old: At this stage children develop language skills, however, they understand what they are saying but do not grasp totally what others have said. Here they distinguish pictures and other objects. Concrete operations from seven to eleven years old: At this stage children use their logical reasoning about things. Formal operations from eleven to adulthood: During this stage individuals use higher order thinking skills and abstractions to solve problems. Piaget’s stages of development are all about how children learn at different ages through their development. Based on the individual, all go through the same stages during their development. Social Constructivism Vygostsky and Bruner Social constructivism is based on the social interaction between the children with significant others, such as parents, caregivers, peers, and teachers. Vygotsky framework involves the social interactions and culture as part of the language development. He discussed the zone of proximal development (ZPD). The ZPD controls what the children learn, also what he can learn and do when he is helped by others. According to Vygotsky the learning process is easier when others are involved. Children may be asked to perform a task, students have some meaning of the task they need to complete, however, they may have difficult to do it. But with the adequate support to complete the task they will do it. Bruner’s theory of constructivism discussed the idea of learning as an active process where the learners are able to form new ideas based on their current and past knowledge. Jerome Bruner emphasized the importance of social interactions and explained that children develop language based on their contact with others as a result of educational processes (Bruner, 1960). He discussed scaffolding and how the construction of knowledge is based on their existing knowledge acquired during previous development. Scaffolding refers to the knowledge of previous skills that provide support for the acquisition of new learning experiences. Bruner and Vygostky believed that learning processes are tied to this concept, and facilitate a student’s ability to build on prior knowledge. For these theorists, the influence of experiences is a basic ingredient in the language development. Chomsky naturalistic approach Chomsky argues that language is a unique human ability. He discussed the innate abilities of children to learn the language. As a result, all children go through the same process to learn a language (Stark, 2008). He discussed the language acquisition device (LAD) that allows children to produce in consistent ways the use of their first language. In this framework, all languages use nouns, pronouns, verbs, and other grammar rules. In addition, Chomsky established that children learn language through means other than imitation; they do not always imitate mistakes made by others. Chomsky maintains that it is necessary to have formal instruction in the proper use of language and grammar (Stark, 2008). Child language development When we speak about the communication process, we speak about the ability to receive and transfer information that other people can understand and mean something to others. Verbal and nonverbal forms are expressions that enhance the communication with others. The process of language development would be described as a continuous process that gradually changes during the individual development. As soon as after birth a process of communication begins. Infants try to communicate with adults using sounds, cooing. Those sounds are an important step on the road of language development, leading to a future stage where children are able to use the language to communicate in complex ways such as using words and sentences to express their thoughts. Language development includes understanding and communication skills based on words, spoken and written forms. According to Meadows (2006) different theoretical models such as Chomsky stated that language is innate and just with minimal exposure the child could develop their home language. The exposition to language pattern gives them the basic knowledge to learn the maternal tongue. The nature versus nurture perspective supports the point that when the child is exposed to a language, they will learn the patterns for that language naturally. In other words exposing a child to a language pattern will allow them to learn that language. However, the exposure to another language other than maternal tongue on a regular basis will provide with the pattern in that second language that the children will eventually learn, due to his exposition to the patterns and sound of that other language. Studies conducted by Macilla (2011) reveals that the frequency of the exposure to a second language and the consistency will influence how well the children will learn and perform using the second language. From birth the children are preparing for speech as a way to communicate with others. They are developing their physiological and cognitive structures to learn how to talk. Children pass through different stages to prepare the pharynx and larynx to produce those sounds, related to a pattern of their language. The native language of the child does not matter. They all move through the same stages using vowels and consonants to produce sounds that seem like words for the adults. The adults assign the meaning to the first sound that the babies produce. However, at the beginning there are just random patterns, babbling that later during the development will continue into repeating the letter combination until the children learn a way to communicate using those patterns previously learned. All children are born with an innate ability to communicate (Chomsky 2006). As children grow language becomes an important tool to establish and maintain relationships with others. The nature of language includes the use of words, sentences and other grammar rules. It is important to understand the relationship between cognition and language development, in the context of prior knowledge and how experiences influence development (Wegerif, 2011). According to Bochner (1997) children move through these stages in learning to talk: Stage 1: Preliminary skills – Looking together, imitation, playing. Stage 2: Pre-verbal skills – Performatives (broom, quack) Stage 3: First words – â€Å"dog† â€Å"car† â€Å"mum† Stage 4: Early sentences – â€Å"daddy’s car† â€Å"dog gone† Stage 5: Extending meaning – adding English morphemes, such as plurals Jones (1972) describes the stages in the development of speech as follows: Crying period – At birth, a newborns crying is the first vocal response to the environment around them. Vocal play period – Around the second month, infants begin to make different sounds. This production of sounds is an important step in the child’s language development. A variety of sounds may be heard in any language, but from the phonetic elements of babbling, the language that the child hears is the language that he or she eventually will use as their first language. Eventually, they will learn and master the grammar rules of that language. Sound imitation period – This period has two phases. The first phase begins around the six months and is initiated by the child’s awareness of sounds he produces. Because he likes what is being heard, he continues the repetition of those sounds. In the second phase, the child imitates sounds that he heard from others, â€Å"echolalia. This stage begins about the ninth month. The first sounds that the child imitates are those which are familiar, mostly coming from parents or caregivers. At this stage is when language development makes its formal appearance. The child comprehends simple words, specific vocalizations that have meaning for parents and caregivers. Language acquisition period – Begins about the last month of the first year. At this stage begins the conventional sound pattern or close to one. The child says the first words in their native language. The child understands and responds appropriately to others verbally. Between thirteen to eighteen months there is a slow growth of vocabulary. A language is based on grammatical structure, and that structure rests on rules that determine how to express thoughts. The three major components of language are: phonology (study of the smallest unit of speech called phonemes), syntax (refers to the rules to form sentences), and semantic (the meaning of words and sentences). Every language has its own particularities; however, every language has the same components, in which people learn how to communicate based on the structure of their own language. To summarize how oral language is acquired, it is important to mention that the child moves through different stages during their development, in order to acquire the language and skills to be successful. Infants listen and very early begin to communicate their needs through the use of sounds and gestures. Toddlers use the language using simple sentences and asking questions. Young preschoolers used complete sentences to communicate. Theorists in language development discussed that a child produces sounds as a form to communicate with others. Those sounds come from his or her adaptation to the environment around them and as a consequence of the reinforcement by others during the learning and developmental processes. According to Beller (2008) the reinforcement occurs primarily when the child hears the sounds and considers those pleasant sounds. When those sounds are imitated by the child and he or she is rewarded in any way that produce satisfaction, the act of repetition begins, and eventually those sound combinations and repetitions open the door for a more sophisticated way of communication until the proper use of language appears. Learning a second language How children develop a second language has been a topic of interest since 1940 (Beller, 2008). Theorists discussed that learning a new language requires the use of existing structures that are supported by the first language. Language is a symbol for a social group. In many countries, people learn more than one language is associated with political issues. In many countries it is related to the level of education. To be considered educated in Europe, people have to know at least two languages. In the United States the second language is more related to immigrant issues. Many children who come from immigrant families learn their parent’s language and English as a second language. In future generations English will become their first language. During the early stages of the development of the mother tongue is necessary. It is considered part of the intellectual ability, is the individual’s first contact with language from birth, and supports emotional and cognitive development. Through the development the child learns the structure of his or her first language and that helps them to come up with his or her interpretations of the events around them. To master a second language according to Noormohamadi (2008) a child has to master his or her mother tongue. If the child does not master the first language, that will make the process of learning another language more difficult. When the first language is learned and the child has a total command of the language, the process of learning another language will be supported by the first language, and all the concepts and learning can be transferred to the second language. The environment around the child has great influence on the child’s vocabulary, skills, and general understanding of the language. According to Vygotsky, social interactions between children and adults influence the acquisition of any language. Another aspect to consider during the child’s language development is the concept of nurturing. This concept is totally related to the social interactions. Nurturing bring up the issue of the relationship between the child and other adults. Children who are attached to their families are more likely to communicate for longer periods, and this helps their communication and language development. The amount of time children spend talking to others will improve their language skills. It is important to mention that each culture has standards of conversations between children and adults. Many cultures such as western cultures see children as conversational partners, promoting the verbal development of the child. Other cultures such as Hispanic culture do not discuss events or problems with their children. In these cultures children are not allowed to be active participants in adult conversations. Variations in social-cultural beliefs are aspects to consider in the development of a second language Oades-Sese (2011). The influence and relationship with others, within the same cultural values and language is significant and will add positive reinforcement to how the child learns and develops through his life. Based on Piaget’s theory children learn and develop by organizing their experiences into schemas that helps them to understand the world around them. Those schemes are related to two important concepts in Piaget’s theory, adaptation and assimilation. During development children assimilate new information into the schemas that they already have, accommodating the new information into their mental structures. This process continues until the children learn the new information and come into a stage of equilibrium. For those children who are learning a second language the knowledge of their first language helps them in the acquisition of the second. All languages have their structure integrated by sounds, letters, grammar rules, and other factors that help the learner to acquire the language. The structure of each language contains variations such as alphabet, pronunciation, specific rules based on that language, but in general the similarities in structure facilitate the acquisition of the second language because using the knowledge in the first language helps make connections with the second language. Therefore the learning process is easier for the child. Conclusion The combination of the theories presented in this paper provides the author a new perspective regarding language acquisition and development in early childhood. Each theory supports Piaget, Vygotsky, and Chomsky frameworks based on observations and their studies on how children develop the language. However, each theory can blend to show how a child develops language and which methods can be used in order to reinforce the acquisition and retention of the first and second language. Each theory discussed helps to explain the process of language development, from Piaget’s cognitive constructivism which emphasizes a child’s ability to reason and construct his or her own knowledge, based on the individual experience, to Vygostky’s social influences and interactions to Chomsky’s nativism approach. All of these theories interpret language development differently. However, of all theories discussed throughout this paper it is the author’s belief that social interactions are the most helpful approach to understand how children develop language. Biological and environmental factors are necessary in order for a child to learn the language and develop the language. Moreover, the child’s interaction with others influences the acquisition of the language. It is important for the child to interact with others in order to learn the pattern of the language. Language development is a long process influenced by biological, family, and environmental factors that contribute the growth of the child in all aspects of their development including of course, the language acquisition. In order to learn another language, researchers such as Bruner, Vygotsky, Piaget, and Chomsky discussed the importance of learning and mastering the mother tongue. It is necessary to learn the grammar rules of the first language to use that knowledge to transfer the concepts learned into the second language. However, is a long learning process that starts after birth and continues through the child development. According to Mancilla-Martinez (2011) who stated that children need to continue having formal instruction in order to develops proficiency in the first language and have formal instruction in the second language. For some immigrants’ children born in a foreign country or even those who were born in the United States to immigrant parents, school is the first formal exposure to English language. This group will eventually come a large portion of the society needs the support of formal instruction to learn and develops the proficiency on the second language. To become proficient in the English language does not require parents use of English at home; however, to develop proficiency in the first language the instructional support and use of the language at home is necessary. It is necessary to be aware of the increments of this population and the particularities of each culture in order to support the language development (Mancilla Martinez, 2011). Many factors are associated with language development; most of them are associated when children begin attending primary grade levels, this is when the use of more sophisticated vocabulary is introduced. The students need to learn the higher level of language in order to become proficient in the second language. Even learning the mother tongue, children need to learn more scholarly vocabulary and grammar rules appropriate for their age and to understand these when they encounter them in textbooks. When children come from homes in which a language other than English is used lead the proficiency in that language. Understanding the patterns of the first language is essential to developing effective programs to facilitate the study and acquisition of a second language. This fact is applicable for all levels of study of second languages. Therefore the educational systems should support the study and application of this in the teaching of second language. Mastery of the first language is a vital factor in the progress to study and acquire fluency in other languages. Its acquisition is a basis and support for all other languages studied throughout one’s lifetime. References Agbenyega, J. (2009). The australian early development Index, who does it measure: Piaget or Vygotsky’s child? Australasian Journal of Early Childhood 34(2), 31-38. Beller, S. (2008). Fostering language acquisition in daycare settings. Early Childhood Development. 49, 1-52. Bloom, L. , Lahey, M. (1978). Language development and language disorders. US. Bochner, S. , Price, P ; Jones, J. (1997). Child language development. Lerning to talk. London: England. Chomsky, N. (2006). In Chomsky. Info. Retrieved February 9, 2011, Chomsky. Info Online: http://www. chomsky. info/ Chosmky, N. (2005). Three factors in language design. Linguistic Inquiry, 36(1), 1-22. Feldman, R. S. (2010). Essentials of Understanding Psychology. 9th edition Greene, M. 1960). Learning to talk. A parents’ guide to the first five years. US. NY. Jones, M. and Guidon, A. (1972). Language development. They key to learning. US. Mancilla-Martinez, J. and Lesaux, N. (2011). Early home language use and later vocabulary development. Journal of Educational Psychology, 103(3), 535-546. Meadows, S. (2006). The Child as Thinker. The development and acquisition of cognition in childhoo d ( 2nd ed. ). NY: Routledge. Noormohamadi, R. (2008). Mother tongue, a necessary step to intellectual development. Journal Pan-Pacific Applied Linguistics, 12(2), 25-36. Oades-Sese, G. ; Li, Y. (2011). Attachment relationship as predictors of language skill for at-risk bilingual preschool children. Psychology in the Schools, 48(7), 707-722. doi: 10. 1002/pits. 20583. Piaget, J. (1928). The child’s conception of the world. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Powell, K. ,, and Kalina, C. (2009). Cognitive and social constructivism: Developing tools for an effective classroom. Education, 130(2), 241-250. Wegerif R. (2011). Towards a Dialogic Theory of How Children Learn to Think. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 6(3), 179–190. How to cite Children’s Language Development, Essay examples

Physical Health Essay Essay Example

Physical Health Essay Paper Suggested this could be due to a purposeful avoidance of health services by those who are mentally unwell, or that during this time of their mental health crisis, many are suffering the effects of their illness such as positive symptoms, thought disorder, or the flat effects associated with schizophrenia, these experiences could make it harder for them to go to their appointments. Shah, Chant McGrath (2007) state that the reason as to the exact cause of this gap Is not known, however many theories have been suggested as to why it has occurred. Mac Credit (2003) attributed this gap as lifestyle factors. In a study on people suffering from schizophrenia against those who were mentally well, there was significant findings that the individuals with schizophrenia ate poorer ties, consuming under half of the recommended guide lines of fruit and vegetable consumptions in a week, they undertook substantially lower exercise than the comparison group and tended to have a higher body mass Index. According to Cough game; Peeler (2004) current risk factors for people to suffer from diabetes are linked to issues such as eating unhealthy food and being inactive. Scene De Here (2007) suggested that many who suffer from schizophrenia have certain lifestyle patterns that leave them at risk of developing diabetes, such as the lack of exercise they par take in, the unhealthy diet, being inactive and smoking. De Here,et al (2009) concurred with this flying and found that the mentally unwell have a higher chance of being a smoker and being overweight, as well as developing diabetes. We will write a custom essay sample on Physical Health Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Physical Health Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Physical Health Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Leslie Rechecks (2004) argue that there is no conclusive evidence as to why many who are mentally unwell develop diabetes, however there is a strong occurrence between obesity and the current use of second- generation antispasmodic drugs. De Here et al (2009) have also found that there is a correlation between the use of some anti psychotic medication and weight gain. De Here, Winkle, Van Cocky, Hansen, Hampers, scenes Passkeys ( suggest people suffering Trot councilperson ay nave a greater chance of suffering a metabolic defect. They suggested that metabolic defects are inbuilt to those with schizophrenia, this was raised due to people already having such defects when they are suffering their first psychotic experience. However there findings also indicated the anti psychotic medication has a direct impact on metabolic illness. When this data was weighed against those who were not unwell, and consistent in age bracket and sex, those suffering schizophrenia had significant higher rates of metabolic illness and diabetes. This evidence amplified as age and the length of their illness increased. This occurrence was seen to be at its strongest when a person had been suffering from schizophrenia for ten years and over. This research indicates that there is a link between either the illness and metabolic defects or a correlation between the illness and antispasmodic drugs. Connelly et al (2005) suggest that the danger for the person with schizophrenia is the weight gain caused by the medication, this weight gain then increases the chances of the individual developing diabetes. It was suggested that a cause of the weight gain old be that the antispasmodic drugs have tranquilizer side effects. However other aspects should not be overlooked such as the individual may have low motivation to engage in exercise. Connelly et al (2005) also found that when a person is overweight this is connected with glucose intolerance and exercise can help combat this. Looking in to the correlation of anti psychotic medication and diabetes a study was carried out by Miller Moll (2005) assessing diabetes against people receiving a depot narcoleptic and found that those receiving the depot had a 19% higher chance of having diabetes against the general population. However this vast amount of research regarding the correlation between schizophrenia and the increased risk of diabetes occurring seems irrelevant, when there is no pathway designed to assess individuals at risk, and as a result there is. No designs on how this risk could be handle successfully (Cough et al 2004). Looking more specifically at the service user I am going to discuss, and will refer to as person W, it is evident that her current diagnosis of schizophrenia coinciding with being overweight and also receives a depot narcoleptic, all classify her as a high risk of developing the diabetes she suffers. The depot that Patient W was taking, dipole, has been classed as low potency and according to Connelly et al (2005) in relation to weight, the low potency drugs seem to be a strong indicator of responsibility as to this weigh gain. Miller et al (2005) also discuss the higher risk of having diabetes from being on depot narcoleptic and according to De Here, et al (2009) having a severe mental illness increases you chances of being overweight and smoking, Patient W is both overweight, smokes and receives a depot narcoleptic. Being overweight itself is a risk factor to diabetes (Cough et al 2004). Thus Patient W falls onto all the areas of high risk for someone to develop diabetes. The NICE guidelines state that diabetes is a metabolic condition defined by having a high level of blood glucose concentration. Type two diabetes is known as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. As a result of the high level of blood glucose people becoming insulin resistant. Person W is a 54 year has a psychiatric diagnosis of schizophrenia, seen currently resides In an acute assessment war In an Inner city arson w NAS Ana this diagnosis for over twenty years, she has been a smoker since her teenage years and has had chronic health problems for over five years. In terms of physical health problems Person W has been diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COOP) in the form of chronic asthma, Diabetes type 2 and is obese. Person W receives medication for her physical health and mental health problems. For her schizophrenia she is on a two weekly dipole MGM depot injection and takes irreparable MGM antispasmodic medication once a day 1 OMG. For her diabetes she takes Is on meteoroid log three times a day, for her type 2 diabetes. Chronographic, Ferulae Sewers (2002)state that Meteoroid works by lowering the amount of cells that are resistant to insulin. This medicine appears to not only work on this metabolic condition but also helps fight obesity. This drug is specifically aimed at those who are obese. Person W also takes Royalist slimming tablets MGM per day and simulation for cholesterol MGM twice a day. Patient W has an inhaler containing Spirits MGM which she uses once a day for her asthma. During her time on the ward, this patient received daily blood glucose level checks, this was done mainly at am before Patient W had eaten her breakfast. Patient W was advised healthy eating techniques and what food she should try avoid such as sweet food. The ward did not have any specific objectives and aims in place to help Patient W to control her diabetes. She was not referred to a dietician, which could of been to her benefit and the main intervention used was monitoring. It is reported in her care plan all Patient WAS physical health problems therefore all staff are informed of her specific needs. Patient W blood pressure and oxygen saturation level are also monitored and if her oxygen saturation fell below 90%, she would use one liter of oxygen per minute. This was happening three times a day when she first came to the ward; however Patient W often refused this during her stay. There are a number of other interventions that would benefit Patient W in regards to her diabetes and in turn her well being such as information regarding foot care, more about diabetes itself and lifestyle guidance. It is important for people with diabetes to keep an eye on their feet. The Nice guidelines suggest that people monitor their feet on a daily bases looking out for any development of ulcers, the reasoning for this being that in people with diabetes an ulcer can quickly turn in to something more serious and result in the need of amputations. They should keep in regular contact with their health professionals and be taught techniques on how to protect their feet, such things as giving advice to wear well fitted shoes and look out for cracks or anything that deviates from what their feet are generally like. This practice of awareness is vital in helping individuals keep on top of their physical health needs. Dickerson, Goldberg, Brown, Checkerberry, Pram, Hollister, Fang, Method Dixon (2005) suggested that those who are naive to diabetes and its effects of the body are those who will be overwhelmed by the impact of such a diagnoses and see it as troublesome. With this in mind it would be beneficial to educate people and this should in turn make people more understanding of their condition and the treatment they need to engage in. Cough et al (2004) go a step further than this and suggest that due to the vast amount of evidence suggesting a correlation and schizophrenia it would be good practice for all tense guttering Trot a Lagoons AT councilperson to undergo Olathe screening tests. De Here et al (2006) concurred with this finding. Similarly Miller et al (2005) felt that those who receive treatment for schizophrenia via a depot neurotic glucose evils and weight are frequently checked, thus giving time for the right treatment to be used effectively. Cough et al (2004) suggests that the responsibility for this screening should lie with the general practitioners, and when an antispasmodic medication is being selected for patient the importance lies in finding a drug that will help the service user adhere to taking their medication and as a result of this improve the service users participation in undertaking diabetes awareness and coping approaches, this includes educating service users on healthy eating and exercise. Connelly et al (2005) is in agreement with these findings again emphasizing the importance for lifestyle changes to occur as well as monitoring, furthermore they suggest that if these changes are occurring it is advisable to re assess the medication to one which is not so associated with weight gain. On a final point Connelly et al (2005) highlight that a genetic biological link between schizophrenia and diabetes, although not confirmed, has proven significant findings and must be taken in to consideration. To conclude, this reflective essay proves that more needs to be done for those suffering from a mental health illness and diabetes.